Coastal erosion dynamics along the central coastline of Ghana (2000–2024): a DSAS-based assessment of ecosystem service implications and coastal management

Coastal ecosystems provide critical ecological, economic, and socio-cultural services but are increasingly threatened by coastal erosion driven by natural processes and anthropogenic pressures. Along Ghana’s central coastline, persistent shoreline change has raised concerns over ecosystem degradation, infrastructure vulnerability, and the sustainability of coastal livelihoods. This study assessed the coastal erosion dynamics of Ghana’s central coastline and examined their implications for ecosystem services and coastal management. Multi-temporal Landsat satellite imagery (2000, 2015, 2020, and 2024) was analysed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Shoreline change was quantified using the End Point Rate (EPR), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), Weighted Linear Regression (WLR), Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE), and Net Shoreline Movement (NSM). The results revealed persistent shoreline retreat, with mean erosion rates of −1.83 m/year (EPR), −1.82 m/year (LRR), and −1.70 m/year (WLR), indicating widespread coastal erosion across much of the study area. The mean SCE of 35.96 m demonstrated substantial spatial variability in shoreline movement, reflecting the coexistence of erosion and localised accretion. Erosion hotspots were identified around Anomabo, Apam, and Winneba, whereas relatively stable or accreting shorelines occurred in protected sections such as Cape Coast, Elmina, and Komenda. These shoreline dynamics have significant implications for biodiversity conservation, fisheries, tourism, coastal infrastructure, and the provision of ecosystem services. The study concludes that the central coastline is undergoing sustained erosion with marked spatial variability, highlighting the need for targeted, site-specific management interventions. It recommends strengthening integrated coastal zone management through continuous shoreline monitoring, ecosystem restoration, sediment management, and strategically planned coastal protection measures to enhance the long-term resilience of Ghana’s coastal environments.