A high-resolution digital twin of Oeno Atoll (Pitcairn Islands) through integrated geospatial data

Remote coral atolls are among the marine ecosystems most vulnerable to climate change, yet many remain poorly characterized because of their isolation and the logistical constraints associated with field surveys. High-resolution digital twins offer a promising framework for integrating heterogeneous geospatial information into updateable representations that support environmental monitoring and management. Here, we present a high-resolution digital twin of Oeno Atoll (Pitcairn Islands) developed through the integration of remote sensing and in situ geospatial data. The digital twin combines multi-temporal PlanetScope satellite imagery, multispectral imagery acquired with an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS), acoustic bathymetric measurements, and underwater video observations within a common geospatial framework. Satellite-derived bathymetry (SDB) was calibrated using acoustic depth measurements, while a supervised Random Forest classifier integrated spectral information and bathymetry to map the principal lagoon benthic habitats. High-resolution UAS products were used to characterize terrestrial geomorphology, vegetation structure, and shoreline features. All datasets were integrated into a single geodatabase and published through interoperable geospatial web services. The resulting framework provides the first high-resolution integrated representation of Oeno Atoll, including calibrated lagoon bathymetry, benthic habitat maps, terrestrial geomorphology, vegetation structure, and three-dimensional visualizations. Beyond serving as a baseline for future investigations of shoreline evolution, coral bleaching, habitat dynamics, and ecosystem monitoring, the proposed framework demonstrates how integrated geospatial data can provide a practical and scalable approach for developing digital twins of remote coral atolls. The workflow relies on widely available remote sensing technologies and limited field data, making it readily transferable to other isolated island systems where comprehensive environmental information remains scarce.